1138	We are making industrial soap at our plant with 68% total fatty matter. I would like to know how can I lower the total fatty matter of my soap to 62%. I believe this will reduce the cost of our soap. Thank you.	Ann
Dear Ms Ann, The saponifiable matter in soap is the oil/fat present in it and in your case you have to reduce it by applying the factor 62/68. The amount of alkali (sodium and/or potassium hydroxide) is dictated by the amount of oil/fat and so you must also reduce that by the same factor. You then have to make up the reduction in weight by adding an inert filler such as borax, pumice, or even a detergent etc. There are many of them on the market and your present soap may already contain some. The cost of the soap will be reduced, but so will be its lathering and cleaning power. You have not told me which process you use and the above instructions may need some minor modification. Regards, FP (03.05.2011)
1137	Application wise, how does HPKO (and its fractions) with an FFA of 0.10% max differ from one with an FFA 0.05% max? Does this affect shelf life and palatability in the final product (used in creaming and filling in confectionery items)?	Henny Vincent Young
Dear Mr Young, Both oils are within the usual specification in respect of FFA and are equally suitable for the same uses. You better base you choice on the other tests such as IV, PV, colour and flavour. Regards, FP (28.04.2011)
1135	Dear Sir, regarding Question ID 1134, sorry to make you worry, my approach to ask may be wrong, actually i'm doing HACCP documentation and need a proper guide on writing the most correct procedure to manage off specification products if there are any products and raw material contamination of pesticide and heavy metals occur. The type of heavy metals which according to our local food safety act that possible to contaminate products are Ar, Pb, Cu, Sn, Zn, Hg, Cd, Sb. Meanwhile, for Pesticides, possible contamination will be by Butocarboxin, Cinosulfuran, Chlorpyrifos, Glyphosate, and Glufosinate-ammonium in Palm Oil.	LMY
Dear Mr LMY, Writing HACCP manuals is not a simple matter as each procedure must be tailored to the circumstances of the company. All I can advise you under Q&A here is that if contamination with a hazardous substance is found, the batch should be isolated, the CEO informed and expert expert advice sought. Regards, FP (28.04.2011)
1134	Sir, May i ask how shall we do when there is contamination of Palm Olein, Palm Stearin, Palm Fatty Acid Distillate or CPO contaminated by Heavy Metals and Pesticide? Any method can be used to eliminate Heavy Metals and Pesticides?	LMY
Dear Mr LMY, This is a serious matter of public health on which I can only advise you on a private consultation basis. And I shall then need all the information you can give me on what the contaminants are, their level, how they got into your oil and who did the analysis. Regards, FP (27.04.2011)
1133	What is the processing cost for 1MT RBD Palm oil? What is the processing cost for producing 1MT RBHD (Hydrogenated) Palm oil? We are the largest manufacturers of soft oils in middle east, and exploring for shortening business. Your cordial feedback appreciated. With best wishes. ZAB.	Zaheer Belgami
Dear Mr Belgami, Calculating the cost of a process requires the input of many different variables and cannot be done in a few lines here. Regards, FP (27.04.2011)
1131	I am doing a research on palm oil industry, pls kindly let me know a reference material where I can study the material balance all along the industry, i.e. how much FFB is needed to produce 1 ton of CPO, how much CPO is needed to produce 1 ton of margarine, how much CPO is needed to produce 1 kilogram of fatty acid or fatty alcohol etc. Thank you.	Syarif Hidayat
Dear Mr Hidayat, You are asking for a very large amount of material and there is no single source that covers what you need. Even one your questions would require a lot of work and explanations from me.. For example, the amount of PO in Margarine. Manufacturers make different types, such as table, hard, soft, cake, pastry, and even different brands for each type and vary their formulas for summer and winter. You will have to spend a lot of time your self, searching books and journals and drawing conclusions, but that is part of your training. Regads, FP (18.04.2011)
1130	Dear Sir, How can ı determine the amount of phosphoric acid in order to obtain a zero phosphatide palm oil during refining?	Deniz
Dear Mr Deniz, Methods of analysis are expensive to buy because it takes a lot of work by many laboratories to develop one and they do not sell many of them. I can let you have more details if you contact me privately. Regards, FP (18.04.2011)
1129	i would like to know how fare are we with enzymetic splitting of palmoil.	Paul Tiemstra
Dear Mr Tiemstra, Splitting of PO is no different from splitting any other oil, and at the risk of offending the enzyme manufacturers, my opinion is that enzyme splitting is not yet competitive with the traditional high pressure steam process. Much more successful commercially has been enzyme interesterification which is more acceptable to the natural food lobby. The basic problem is that enzymes are expensive to buy and also as they do not tolerate high temperatures, reactions are slow. Regards, FP (18.04.2011)
1127	WE have both layer farm and broiler farm. Pls give us information regarding the metabolizable enegy regarding palm olein with cloudiness of 9 to be used in formulating our poultry feepds. We used the kilocalories to compute our energy level in our poultry feeds.	Danilo L. Yap
Dear Mr Yap, The problem with metabolizable energy values for animal feeds is that they are determined by actually feeding the materials to the animals and measuring their weight gain. But such trials cannot be very accurately controlled and so the values reported in different sources show large variations. The values below are from the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada: Poulty less than 21 days old 7100, over 21 days old 7300 Kilo calories per Kg. Regards, FP (18.04.2011)
1126	Dear Sir, I would like to know what is the maximum percentage level recommended of PFAD in laundry soap? Can we do it with 60% PFAD? Also, i know this fatty acid is high in insaponifiable matter? i would like to know if this will affect the quality of the soap. Thank you	Ann
Dear Ms Ann, There is no max. recommended percentage of PFAD in soap of any kind, since soap can be made in different ways and also what goes for laundry soap in one country may go for bath soap in another. Some soap makers use 100% PFAD quite happily. The problem is that PFAD is the cheapest "oil" sold by refiners, its specification values are very basic, the dealers do not take good care of it and so its quality on the market is very variable. How much you yourself could use is for you to find out by laboratory or factory trials. Regards, FP (15.04.2011)
1125	May i ask is there any test available to test Physical Hazard in Crude Palm Oil?What are the parameter which is measurable and can be quantify in material specification?	LMY
Dear Mr LMY, Different hazards are associated with different activities and you have not told me any thing. My answer will depend on what you have in mind doing with your PO. Store it? Ship it, Eat it? Make biodiesel with it? Also what grade is it, crude or RBD? Regards, FP (14.04.2011)
1123	A five years old palm oil, how many time we can harvest per month and how many kilos can a one palm oil produce per harvest?	Milner
Dear Mr Milner, I think you are confusing the palm tree with the palm oil. The palm tree produces fruit continuously and so at any time it has fruit at different stages of maturity. Every few days the harvesters go trough the plantation and cut down the mature fruit bunches, the loaders put them an trucks and taken to the mill within a a few hours. The FFA of the oil in the fruit starts rising from the moment the fruit leaves the tree and the higher the FFA the lower the quality and the price of oil when sold.. Regards, FP (14.04.2011)
1121	Dear all. I want to know about the development of CPO trading industry? is it good or bad? how's the market for CPO trading industry?	Indra
Dear Mr Indra, In the last 4 years (since 2006), production of total oils and fats increased by 14%, PO by 22% and its price by 88%. I suppose the producers are not complaining. Regards, FP (12.04.2011)
1120	Who can tell us: "How much NITROGEN- Content (mg/kg)aprox. is in a CPO, which have stored in Ponds, several Month? Kind Regards, Björn Ebbeskov Larsen ÖKO-TECH ENERGI AS	Björn Larsen
Your question is very strange, because CPO is not stored in ponds and it does not contain any Nitrogen. Ponds are used to store and treat the mill effluent (POME) and you probably mean the thin layer of oil floating on the top of that. Any Nitrogen in that will be in the traces of solid matter that may be suspended in it and I have never seen any data on it. The data available are for POME after anaerobic or aerobic digestion because then it contains useful amounts of plant nutrients, Nitrogen etc and is used as fertilizer in the fields.Regards, FP (09.04.2011)
1119	Dear sir, please what quantity of fertilizer is needed for a hectare of oil palm plantation. thank you	joseph
Dear Joseph, The fruit bunches and fronds produced by the oil palms every year take away nutrients which must be put back. But soils vary in their type and nutrient content, fertilisers are very expensive and to decide on the best formula and amount, the big well managed plantations do soil and leaf analysis. I think unless you are a very small farmer you should do the same and it will not cost you as much as you think. But if you are a very small farmer and cannot possibly afford it, buy an inorganic palm compound fertiliser of the type N/P/K 12/6/12 with magnesium and trace elements and apply the amount recommended on the packet. Also apply a lot of chopped up or composted empty fruit bunches you can get free from any mill. Organic fertilisers are too week, unnecessary and too expensive. Judge the value for money of fertilisers from their NPK figures. Regards, FP (06.04.2011)
1118	Dear FP, May i inquire about the heat of vaporisation of fatty acid? I need it to count the amount of steam required for deodorization? What is the retention time of steam in the deodorizer? What is the retention time of oil in the deaeration tank? Thank you very much.	Catherine
Dear Ms Catherine, I do not feel comfortable giving out engineering data of the kind you are asking for, because they are design parameters used by the established plant designers and which they found in their own pilot plants at some cost, or after years of experience. It would be unethical of me to give them on a plate to any new competitor who may wish to undercut them. I am sure you would not like it if some one did it to your company. Regards, FP (04.04.2011)
1117	Dear FP, now i'm doing costing for this palm oil refinery project. So, can i know roughly the RBDPO price in the market? and, the the scrubber can be considered as a heat exchanger?if not, it is considered as what equipment?(in the purpose of costing). In deodorizer,how much is the retention time for steam and oil? if the retention time is 1hour for steam, the volume of deodorizer is very big(unreasonable). Thanks.	gerry
Dear Mr Gerry, 1) Please note that this page has a request to readers not to ask questions on prices. Prices for all oils are in the pages available on subscription. 2) I am not sure where your scrubber is and what what exactly it is scrubbing. 3) Retention times depend on plant design and I have no idea what kind of plant you have. Regards, FP (01.04.2011)
1116	Dear sir, I have some buyers from Thailand would like to buy refined palm oil from malaysia. Can you tell me who can I contact to complete this business.	muhammad rusdee thopaeroh
Dear Mr Thopaeroh, We do not give such information on an open free site such as this one, because giving only some names would be unfair to the rest. But I can mention Agmas Trading PTE of Singapore who are the parent Co. of palmoil.com Regards, FP (01.04.2011)
1115	Dear FP, i wanna ask is there a factory is only running on physical refinery of palm oil without continuing to the dry fractionation process? And RBDPO is more valuable or olein?	Gerry chan
Dear Mr Chan, 1) Yes of course there are refineries doing physical refining of PO without fractionating it as well. In fact in Europe and USA this is the most usual practice. But if you can generate the sales, fractionation enables you to offer 3 products to the market instead of one. 2) Olein is more expensive than PO because it has to bear all the fractionation costs. Regards, FP (01.04.2011)
1114	Dear FP, Thanks that your answer help me lot.Now I want to know the analysis procedure of 80 TFM soap noodles from fat blend 80:20 and the analysis procedure of 80 TFM soap noodles from fatty acid blend 80:20 are same or different?What is the procedure to find out TFM in toilet grade soap noodles from palm soft stearine and palm kernel olein blend 80:20.	Md. Shahinur Rahman Khan
Dear Mr Khan, Copies of good, recognised, analytical methods you can buy from the American Oil Chemists Society. But I suggest you think ahead and decide what tests you are likely to want to do in the foreseeable future and buy all the required methods at the same time. Regards, FP (29.03.2011)